On the positive side, compaction may also be an important production mechanism. Decreasing thickness and altered permeability may compromise well integrity and have serious environmental ramifications. We derive equations for the dynamic behavior of the thickness and permeability.įluid extraction has led to compaction, land subsidence, flooding and even earthquakes many places around the world. The proposed model may be of interest in ground water hydrology, for wastewater disposal, geothermal- and petroleum reservoirs. Hence, selecting a plausible reservoir model depends on the existence of information that is independent of well testing. The use of the proposed well test model leads to many different possible interpretations (non-uniqueness). Core analysis may also give a forewarning of brittle formations. Important in situ fracture generation may be detected by strong micro seismic activity.
The present methodology should be used with caution under this condition. Then, results obtained with the present model are likely to be misleading.
This could reduce the value of the sum modulus due to appearance of additional fractures. The latter may be an important problem in case of a negative permeability modulus. We find that the value of the sum modulus may either enhance or mask the existence of stress-sensitivity. Most commercial well test simulators already include the majority of coding to take advantage of the proposed technique. The traditional well test model, without stress-sensitivity, is included as limiting behavior. Our model will simplify to the Pedrosa model and many others by simple changes in the input data. We rediscover the Pedrosa (1986) equations, but with a composite (sum) modulus replacing the permeability modulus and an additional modulus to thickness in the storability coefficient. During the last decades, many studies have expanded and improved the Pedrosa theory. (SPEJ 253:267–386, 1972) and Pedrosa (1986), has been extended to account for boundary dominated flow and for the effect of wellbore storage and skin. Our model, which is a generalization of a classical one, Raghavan et al. Due to simplicity and ease of application, we believe our methodology will be useful, at least as screening tool. A pressure transient test, on the other hand, may be conducted once a formation has been penetrated. A fluid extraction period may also be necessary to match the model to observed behavior. Although best, studies by numerical simulation are time consuming and expensive. These changes may occur simultaneously or separately. The purpose of this study is to enable simultaneous prediction of possible changes in thickness and permeability by a simplified analytical model.
If deemed adverse, preventive actions should be started as soon as possible to mitigate future damage. Once compaction has been identified, possible future consequences should be investigated. Although rare, the environmental costs could be overwhelming. If market price is below equilibrium price, explain what happens and why.ġ2.Where is a price ceiling with respect to equilibrium price? What will be the relative size of quantity demanded and quantity supplied?ġ3.How is equilibrium price affected by changes in (a) demand and (b) supply?ġ4.What is equilibrium? Why is it advantageous for the market price to be at equilibrium?ġ5.Fluid extraction has led to compaction, land subsidence, flooding and even earthquakes many places around the world. Describe how this model works.Ĩ.What are the three basic economic questions that all economies must answer? Describe the differences in the ways capitalism and socialism answer these questions.ĩ.What was Adam Smith's invisible hand, and what economic function did it serve?ġ0.How far has China evolved into a market economy? To what degree has this evolution contributed to China's economic growth?ġ1.If market price is above equilibrium price, explain what happens and why.
What factors in our economic history helped make this possible?Ĥ.List the main ways the "new economy" (since the early 1990s) differs from the "old economy."ĥ.Under what circumstances can we operate outside our production possibilities curve?Ħ.Would it be harder for a nation to attain full employment or full production? Explain.ħ.The circular flow model is a simplified version of our economy. What were some of its consequences?ģ.Today America has the world's largest economy as well as a very high standard of living. ECN 321 Module 1 Homework Assignment (AIU Online)ġ.What were the main agricultural developments over the last two centuries?Ģ.Inflation has been a persistent problem for most of the 20th century.